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Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov or Ezhov ((ロシア語:Никола́й Иванович Ежо́в), ; May 1, 1895 – February 4, 1940) was a Soviet secret police official under Joseph Stalin. He was head of the NKVD from 1936 to 1938, during the most deadly period of Stalin's Great Purge. His time in office is known as the "''Yezhovshchina''" ((ロシア語:Ежовщина)), a term coined during the de-Stalinization campaign of the 1950s.〔''Yezhovshchina'' is translated literally as the "Yezhov phenomenon". According to a Russian dictionary (Т.Ф. Ефремова Новый словарь русского языка. Толково- словообразовательный), the suffix ''-shchina'' produces a word which can refer to any phenomenon associated with the word to which the suffix is attached. Quote: Словообразовательная единица, образующая имена существительные женского рода, которые обозначают бытовое или общественное явление, идейное или политическое течение, характеризующееся признаком, названным." Comparing the Russian and Slovak languages, Juraj Sipko (Sipko J. Etnopsyholingvisticke predpoklady slovensko-ruskych a rusko-slovenskych porovnavani, Presov, 2003) points out that in Russian the suffix ''-shchina'' (in meaning given by Efremova) most commonly bears openly negative or derisive connotations.〕 After presiding over mass arrests and executions during the Great Purge, Yezhov became a victim of it himself. He was arrested, confessed under torture to a range of anti-Soviet activity, and was executed in 1940. By the beginning of World War II, his status within the Soviet Union became that of a political unperson.〔Marc Jansen and Nikita Petrov, ''Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895-1940'' (Hoover Institution Press, 2002: ISBN 0-8179-2902-9), p. 210.〕 ==Early life and career== Yezhov was born in Saint Petersburg, according to his official Soviet biography. In a form filled out in 1921, Yezhov claimed some ability to speak Polish and Lithuanian. He completed only his elementary education. From 1909 to 1915, he worked as a tailor's assistant and factory worker. From 1915 until 1917, Yezhov served in the Imperial Russian Army. He joined the Bolsheviks on May 5, 1917 in Vitebsk, six months before the October Revolution. During the Russian Civil War, 1919–1921, he fought in the Red Army. After February 1922, he worked in the political system, mostly as a secretary of various regional committees of the Communist Party. In 1927, he was transferred to the Accounting and Distribution Department of the Party where he worked as an instructor and acting head of the department. From 1929 to 1930, he was the Deputy People's Commissar for Agriculture. In November 1930, he was appointed to the Head of several departments of the Communist Party: department of special affairs, department of personnel and department of industry. In 1934, he was elected to the Central Committee of the Communist Party;〔(Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov: Biographical Notes )〕 in the next year he became a secretary of the Central Committee. From February 1935 to March 1939, he was also the Chairman of the Central Commission for Party Control. In the "Letter of an Old Bolshevik" (1936), written by Boris Nicolaevsky, there is this contemporary description of Yezhov: Nadezhda Mandelstam, in contrast, who met Yezhov at Sukhum in the early thirties, did not perceive anything ominous in his manner or appearance; her impression of him was that of a 'modest and rather agreeable person'.〔N. Mandelstam, ''Hope Against Hope'' (Collins & Harvill Press, 1971), page 322.〕 Physically, Yezhov was short in stature, standing five feet (151 cm), and that, combined with his sadistic personality, led to his nickname 'The Poison Dwarf' or 'The Bloody Dwarf'. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nikolai Yezhov」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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